Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann

Carl Louis Ferdinand von Lindemann Born: 12 April 1852 in Hannover, Hanover (now Germany)Died: 6 March 1939 in Munich, Germany Ferdinand von Lindemann was the first to prove that  is transcendental, that is,  is not the root of any algebraic equation with rational coefficients. His father, also named Ferdinand Lindemann, was a modern language teacher at the Gymnasium in Hannover at the time of his birth. His mother was Emilie Crusius, the daughter of the headmaster of the Gymnasium. When Ferdinand (the subject of this biography) was two years old his father was appointed as director of a gasworks in Schwerin. The family moved to that town where Ferdinand spent his childhood years and he attended school in Schwerin. As was the standard practice of students in Germany in

the second half of the 19th century, Lindemann moved from one university to another. He began his studies in Göttingen in 1870 and there he was much influenced by Clebsch. He was fortunate to be taught by Clebsch for he had only been appointed to Göttingen in 1868 and sadly he died in 1872. Later Lindemann was able to make use of the lecture notes he had taken attending Clebsch's geometry lectures when he edited and revised these note for publication in 1876. Lindemann also studied at Erlangen and at Munich. At Erlangen he studied for his doctorate and, under Klein's direction, he wrote a dissertation on non-Euclidean line geometry and its connection with non-Euclidean kinematics and statics. The degree was awarded in 1873 for the dissertation Uber unendlich kleine Bewegungen

und über Kraftsysteme bei allgemeiner projektivischer Massbestimmung. After the award of his doctorate Lindemann set off to visit important mathematical centres in England and France. In England he made visits to Oxford, Cambridge and London, while in France he spent time at Paris where he was influenced by Chasles, Bertrand, Jordan and Hermite. Returning to Germany Lindemann worked for his habilitation. This was awarded by the University of Würzburg in 1877 and later that year he was appointed as extraordinary professor at the University of Freiburg. He was promoted to ordinary professor at Freiburg in 1879. Lindemann became professor at the University of Königsberg in 1883. Hurwitz and Hilbert both joined the staff at Königsberg while he was there. While in Königsberg he

married Elizabeth Küssner, an actress, and daughter of a local school teacher. In 1893 Lindemann accepted a chair at the University of Munich where he was to remain for the rest of his career. Lindemann's main work was in geometry and analysis. He is famed for his proof that is transcendental. The problem of squaring the circle, namely constructing a square with the same area as a given circle using ruler and compasses alone, had been one of the classical problems of Greek mathematics. In 1873, the year in which Lindemann was awarded his doctorate, Hermite published his proof that e is transcendental. Shortly after this Lindemann visited Hermite in Paris and discussed the methods which he had used in his proof. Using methods similar to those of Hermite, Lindemann established in

1882 that  was also transcendental. In fact his proof is based on the proof that e is transcendental together with the fact that e<fontface=symbol>pi = -1. Many historians of science regret that Hermite, despite doing most of the hard work, failed to make the final step to prove the result concerning which would have brought him fame outside the world of mathematics. This fame was instead heaped on Lindemann but many feel that he was a mathematician clearly inferior to Hermite who, by good luck, stumbled on a famous result. Although there is some truth in this, it is still true that many people make their own luck and in Lindemann's case one has to give him much credit for spotting the trick which Hermite had failed to see. Lambert had proved in 1761 that  was