Шпоры по теоретической грамматике английского языка — страница 20

modal colouring: eq. Will you join us – a request; Who shall answer the phone – obligation 3)        the combination shall/will +inf on the whole may have some modal meaning – of uncertainty – but the meaning of uncertainty is always present when we speak about the future. Future tense has a special king of modality – a modality of futurality Reasons shall/will + inf should be treated as a modal combination: 1)        formally shall/will+inf is no way different from can/may+inf, etc. It presents a free combination of a modal verb+inf. It’s easily combined with dif.types of inf. A future action is never real, it’s possible, probable, planned… there is close similarity bw all modal structures

2)        shall/will + inf doesn’t answer the requirements for an anal.form – doesn’t contain a discontinuous morpheme found in all other anal.forms 3)        shall/will + inf isn’t the only construction that expresses future actions. English is rich in means of expressing futurality: to be going to, to be about to, to be to do smth… Purely anal.forms are usually the only means of expressing a certain gram.meaning 4)        shall/will like all other modal verbs have their past forms – and they also combine with dif.types of the inf. 2 groups of linguists: - there are 3 tense forms - there are 2 tense forms – there is no special gram.form to express fut.actions.

But fut.actons can be expressed by a modal combination shall/will+inf and a number of other lex., gram., lex-gram and contextual means the Future-in-the-past and the Fut.cont-in-the-past: -are used chiefly in subordinate clauses depending on a main clause having its predicate verb in one of the past tenses eq. It didn’t mean she was content to live - do not easily fit into a system of tenses represented by a straight line running out of the past into the future - starting point isn’t in the present, from which the past and the fut are reckoned, but the past itself – the past is the new centre of system - in many sentences the relation bw the action denoted by the verb and the time of the utterance(высказывание) is uncertain – the action may or may not have

taken place already - what is certain is that it was future from the point of view of the time when the action denoted by the verb took place 42) Classification of sentences based on their communicative function Aspects of the sentence: - the structural aspect – the form of the sentence, the way words are organized into it - the semantic aspect – the meaning of the sent. - the actual aspect – determines which part of the sent conveys the most imp.info - the pragmatic aspect – the use of the sent.as a unit of communication: a statement, a question, an order, a request, a promise Types of communication: declarative, interrogative, imperative (incl.emotional) and exclamatory Declarative – the subj precedes the verb Interrogative – aux.v in front of the subj.special

w-order, very few modal words – modal w-s expressing full certainty (certainly, surely…) can’t appear in a sent, expressing a question Semi-interrogative sent-s – “oh, you’ve seen him?” Imperative – no gram.subj, the v – in the imperative mood; modal words, expressing possibility (perhaps,maybe) are incompatible with orders and requests The notion of exclamatory sent-s and their relation to the other 3 types presents some difficulty: every sent, whether narrative, interrogative or imperative, may be exclamatory, i.e. it may convey the speaker’s feelings and be characterized by emphatic intonation and by an exclamation mark Eq. But he can’t do anything to you! What can he possibly do to you! Scarlett, spare me! Purely exclamatory sentence: “Oh, for God’s

sake, Henry!” The structure of a certain sent.may be used for other communicative purposes than those that are characteristics of the sent-s of this class eq. Yes/No questions – You will speak to him? – declarative Rhetorical questions – Is that the reason for despair? (of course not) 44) The structural, semantic and pragmatic aspects of the English sentence Aspects of the sentence: - the structural aspect – the form of the sentence, the way words are organized into it - the semantic aspect – the meaning of the sent. - the actual aspect – determines which part of the sent conveys the most imp.info - the pragmatic aspect – the use of the sent.as a unit of communication: a statement, a question, an order, a request, a promise. Structural division: I.-simple